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macOS Reinstallation and System Restoration

This document provides information on the process of reinstalling the macOS operating system and restoring a computer to a factory-default state. The procedures described aim to address software issues, prepare a machine for sale, or create a fresh operating environment. Data backup is strongly recommended before initiating any of these processes.

Preparation and Prerequisites

  • Data Backup: Prioritize backing up all essential files to an external drive or cloud storage. This ensures data preservation in case of errors or data loss during the process. Use Time Machine or a preferred backup method.
  • Apple ID and Password: Have your Apple ID and password readily available. This is necessary for accessing iCloud services and potentially for unlocking the computer.
  • Internet Connection: A stable and reliable internet connection is required for downloading the macOS installation files.
  • Power Adapter: Connect the power adapter to ensure sufficient power throughout the installation procedure.

macOS Recovery Options

Recovery Mode

Accessing macOS Recovery Mode allows users to reinstall the operating system, restore from a Time Machine backup, repair the disk using Disk Utility, or access the Terminal for advanced troubleshooting. The key combinations used to enter Recovery Mode vary based on the computer's processor (Intel or Apple silicon).

  • Apple Silicon (M1, M2, etc.): Press and hold the power button until the startup options window appears. Select "Options," then click "Continue."
  • Intel Processor:
    • Command (⌘)-R: Reinstalls the latest macOS that was installed on your computer.
    • Option-Command (⌘)-R: Upgrades to the latest macOS that is compatible with your computer.
    • Shift-Option-Command (⌘)-R: Reinstalls the macOS that came with your computer, or the closest version still available.

Disk Utility

Disk Utility is a built-in application used to erase and format the internal storage drive. This step is crucial before reinstalling macOS to ensure a clean installation. Erasing the disk will permanently delete all data on the selected volume.

  • Open Disk Utility from macOS Recovery.
  • Select the startup disk (usually named Macintosh HD).
  • Click "Erase."
  • Provide a name for the volume (e.g., Macintosh HD).
  • Choose "APFS" or "Mac OS Extended (Journaled)" as the format. APFS is generally recommended for modern macOS versions.
  • Click "Erase."

macOS Reinstallation Procedure

After erasing the disk, the macOS installation process can begin. Select the "Reinstall macOS" option from the macOS Utilities window in Recovery Mode. Follow the on-screen instructions to proceed with the installation.

  • Select the startup disk where macOS will be installed.
  • The installation process will download the necessary files from Apple servers.
  • The computer will restart several times during the installation.
  • After installation, a setup assistant will guide you through configuring your account and settings.

Considerations and Troubleshooting

  • Activation Lock: If the computer is associated with an Apple ID and Find My Mac is enabled, Activation Lock may prevent unauthorized use. You will need to enter the Apple ID and password associated with the device to proceed after the installation.
  • Internet Recovery: If Recovery Mode is unavailable, the computer may attempt to start from Internet Recovery. This process requires a stable internet connection and may take longer than using a local recovery partition.
  • Potential Issues: Common issues during installation include internet connection problems, disk errors, and compatibility issues. Consult Apple Support documentation for specific troubleshooting steps.